Part 9 general, structure, rooms, glass and windows

(1)Except as provided elsewhere in this Part, the compressive strength of unreinforced concrete after 28 days shall be not less than,

(a)32 MPa for garage floors, carport floors and all exterior flatwork,

(b)20 MPa for interior floors other than those for garages and carports, and

(c)15 MPa for all other applications.

(2)Site-batched concrete used for garage floors, carport floors and exterior flatwork shall have air entrainment of 5 to 8%.

(1)When the air temperature is below 5°C, concrete shall be

(a)kept at a temperature of not less than 10°C or more than 25°C while being mixed and placed, and

(b)maintained at a temperature of not less than 10°C for 72 h after placing.

(2)No frozen material or ice shall be used in concrete described in Sentence (1).

(1)Moisture content of lumber shall be not more than 19% at the time of installation.

(1)In localities where termites are known to occur,

(a)clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level directly below them shall be not less than 450 mm and, except as provided in Sentence (2), all sides of the supporting elements shall be visible to permit inspection, or

(b)structural wood elements, supported by elements in contact with the ground or exposed over bare soil, shall be pressure-treated with a chemical that is toxic to termites. (See Note A-9.3.2.9.(1))

(2)In localities where termites are known to occur and foundations are insulated or otherwise finished in a manner that could conceal a termite infestation,

(a)a metal or plastic barrier shall be installed through the insulation and any other separation or finish materials above finished ground level to control the passage of termites behind or through the insulation, separation or finish materials, and

(b)all sides of the finished supporting assembly shall be visible to permit inspection.

(3)Structural wood elements shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay where the vertical clearance between structural wood elements and the finished ground level is less than 150 mm. (See Note A-9.3.2.9.(3))

(3.1)In localities where termites are known to occur and where windows or other openings at or below grade contain wood elements, the bottom of window wells or adjacent ground shall be at least 150 mm below the nearest wood unless the wood is pressure-treated with a chemical toxic to termites.

(4)Structural wood elements used in retaining walls and cribbing shall be pressure-treated with a preservative to resist decay, where

(a)the retaining wall or cribbing supports ground that is critical to the stability of building foundations, or

(b)the retaining wall or cribbing is greater than 1.2 m in height. (See Note A-9.3.2.9.(4))

(5)Where wood is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay, such treatment shall be in accordance with Table 2, "Use Categories for Specific Products, Uses, and Exposures," of CAN/CSA-O80.1, "Specification of treated wood," as follows:

(a)Use Category 1 (UC1), where the wood member is used in

(i)interior construction,

(ii)above-ground applications, and

(iii)applications where the wood member remains dry,

(b)Use Category 2 (UC2), where the wood member is used in

(i)interior construction,

(ii)above-ground applications, and

(iii)applications where the wood member may be subjected to occasional sources of moisture,

(c)Use Category 3.2 (UC3.2), where the wood member is used in

(i)exterior construction,

(ii)above-ground applications, and

(iii)applications where the wood member is uncoated or is used in a configuration conducive to moisture accumulation,

(d)Use Category 4.1 (UC4.1), where

(i)the wood member is used in contact with the ground,

(ii)the wood member is used in contact with fresh water, or

(iii)the vertical clearance between the wood element and the finished ground level is less than 150 mm and the wood elements are not separated from permeable supporting materials by a moisture barrier, or

(e)Use Category 4.2 (UC4.2), where the wood member is used in critical structural components, including permanent wood foundations.

(6)Where wood is protected in accordance with UC1 or UC2 using an inorganic boron preservative, the wood shall be

(a)protected from direct exposure to water during and after the completion of construction, and

(b)separated from permeable supporting materials by a moisture barrier that is resistant to all expected mechanisms of deterioration in the service environment if the vertical clearance to the ground is less than 150 mm.

(7)Wood that is required by this Article to be treated to resist termites or decay shall be identified by a mark to indicate the type of preservative used and conformance to the relevant required Use Category.

(1)Joist, rafter, lintel and beam members up to 5% less than the actual Canadian standard sizes are permitted to be used provided the allowable spans for the grade and species of lumber under consideration are reduced 5% from those shown in the Span Tables for full size members. (See Note A-9.3.2.8.(1))

(1)Subject to the application limitations defined elsewhere in this Part, structural members and their connections shall

(a)conform to requirements provided elsewhere in this Part,

(b)be designed according to good engineering practice such as provided in the CWC 2014, "Engineering Guide for Wood Frame Construction," or

(c)be designed according to Part 4 using the loads and deflection and vibration limits specified in,

(i)this Part, or

(ii)Part 4.

(2)Where floor framing is designed in accordance with Clause (1)(b) or (c) and where supporting wall framing and fastenings, or footings, are designed according to Clause (1)(a), the maximum specified live load on the floor according to Table 4.1.5.3. shall not exceed 2.4 kPa.

(3)Location-specific information for structural design, including snow and wind loads and seismic spectral response accelerations, shall be determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data." (See Note A-9.4.1.1.(3))

(1)This Subsection applies to light-frame construction whose wall, floor and roof planes are generally comprised of frames of small repetitive structural members, and where

(a)the roof and wall planes are clad, sheathed or braced on at least one side,

(b)the small repetitive structural members are spaced not more than 600 mm o.c.,

(c)the clear span of any structural member does not exceed 12.2 m,

(d)the maximum deflection of the structural roof members conforms to Article 9.4.3.1.,

(e)the maximum total roof area, notwithstanding any separation of adjoining buildings by firewalls, is 4,550 m², and

(f)for flat roofs, there are no significant obstructions on the roof, such as parapet walls, spaced closer than the distance calculated by

D_0 = 10(H_0 - 0.8S_s/γ)

where

D_o = minimum distance between obstructions, m,

H_0 = height of the obstruction above the roof, m,

S_s = ground snow load, kPa, and

γ = specific weight of snow taken as 4.0kN/m^3or 0.43S_s + 2.2kN/m^3,whichever is lesser.

(1)Except as provided in Sentences (2) and (4), specified snow loads shall be not less than those calculated using the following formula:

S = C_bS_s + S_r

where

S = specified snow load,

C_b = basic snow load roof factor, which is 0.45 where the entire width of a roof does not exceed 4.3 m and 0.55 for all other roofs,

S_s = 1 -in-50 year ground snow load in kPa, determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data," and

S_r = associated 1-in-50 year rain load in kPa, determined according to MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-1, "Climatic and Seismic Data."

(2)In no case shall the specified snow load be less than 1 kPa.

(3)Bow string, arch or semi-circular roof trusses having an unsupported span greater than 6 m shall be designed in conformance with the snow load requirements in Subsection 4.1.6.

(4)Where the height of a roof step at the intersection of an upper level roof and a lower level roof is greater than 2 m, and the upper level roof has a slope less than 1 in 6 and an area greater than 600 m², the specified snow load on the lower level roof shall be

(a)for distances from the roof step that are less than or equal to the drift length, x_d , calculated in accordance with Sentence (5), not less than 1.5 times the specified snow load, S, calculated using the formula in Sentence (1) with C_b equal to 0.55, and

(b)for distances from the roof step that are greater than the drift length, x_d , calculated in accordance with Sentence (5), as specified in Sentence (1).

(5)For the purposes of Sentence (4), the drift length, x_d , in m, shall be calculated as follows:

x_rmd = 5(h - (0.55S_rms)/(γ))

where

h = height of the roof step, in m, and

γ = specific weight of snow as specified in Clause 9.4.2.1.(1)(f).

(1)Balconies, decks and other accessible exterior platforms intended for an occupancy and subject to snow loads shall be designed to carry the specified roof snow load or 1.9 kPa, whichever is greater, where the platform, or each segregated area of the platform, serves a single dwelling unit. (See Note A-9.4.2.3.(1))

(1)Where a foundation bears on gravel, sand or silt, and the water table is within a distance below the bearing surface equal to the width of the foundation, the allowable bearing pressure shall be 50% of that determined in Article 9.4.4.1.

(1)Except as otherwise specified in this Part, this Section applies only to dwelling units that are intended for use on a continuing or year-round basis as the principal residence of the occupant.

(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 3.8.1.1., every building shall be designed in conformance with Section 3.8.

(2)The requirements of Section 3.8. need not be provided for detached houses, semi-detached houses, houses with a secondary suite, duplexes, triplexes, row houses and boarding or rooming houses with fewer than eight boarders or roomers.

(1)Where a barrier-free path of travel required in Article 9.5.2.1. is provided to any storey above the first storey, the requirements in Article 3.3.1.7. shall apply.

(1)The ceiling height above and below a mezzanine floor assembly in all occupancies shall be not less than 2.1 m.

(1)The clear height in a storage garage shall be not less than 2 m.

(1)Sleeping rooms other than in dwelling units shall have an area not less than 7 m² per person for single occupancy and 4.6 m² per person for multiple occupancy.

(1)Doors to public water closet rooms shall be not less than 810 mm wide and 2,030 mm high.

(1)The unobstructed width of a hallway within a dwelling unit shall be not less than 860 mm, except that the hallway width is permitted to be 710 mm where

(a)there are only bedrooms and bathrooms at the end of the hallway furthest from the living area, and

(b)a second exit is provided

(i)in the hallway near the end furthest from the living area, or

(ii)in each bedroom served by the hallway.

(1)Where a barrier-free path of travel conforming to Section 3.8. is provided into a suite of residential occupancy and where a bathroom within the suite is at the level of the suite entrance door, the doorway to such bathroom and to each bedroom at the same level as such bathroom shall have, when the door is in the open position, a clear width of not less than,

(a)760 mm where the door is served by a corridor or space not less than 1,060 mm wide, and

(b)810 mm where the door is served by a corridor or space less than 1,060 mm wide.

(1)Except as provided in Sentence (2), glass shall be designed in conformance with Article 4.3.6.1.

(2)Where the building has an essentially uniform distribution of paths for air leakage, including operable openings, but no large openings that would permit wind gusts to rapidly enter the building and the building is not in an exceptionally exposed location such as a hilltop, the maximum area of individual panes of glass for windows shall conform to

(a)Tables 9.6.1.3.-A to 9.6.1.3.-C, where the building has a height from grade to the uppermost roof of 12 m or less, and is located in a built-up area, no less than 120 m away from the boundary between this area and open terrain, or

(b)Tables 9.6.1.3.-D to 9.6.1.3.-F.

(See Note A-9.6.1.3.(2))

(3)The maximum area of individual panes of glass for doors shall conform to Table 9.6.1.3.-G.

(1)Glass sidelights greater than 500 mm wide that could be mistaken for doors, glass in storm doors and glass in sliding doors within or at every entrance to a dwelling unit and in public areas shall be

(a)safety glazing of the tempered or laminated type conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.1, "Safety Glazing," or

(b)wired glass conforming to CAN/CGSB-12.11-M, "Wired Safety Glass."

(2)Except as provided in Sentence (4), glass in entrance doors to dwelling units and in public areas, other than the entrance doors described in Sentence (1), shall be safety glazing or wired glass of the type described in Sentence (1) where the glass area exceeds 0.5m^2 and extends to less than 900 mm from the bottom of the door.

(3)Except as provided in Sentence (4), transparent panels that could be mistaken as a means of egress shall be protected by barriers or railings.

(4)Sliding glass partitions that separate a public corridor from an adjacent occupancy and that are open during normal working hours need not conform to Sentences (2), (3) and (5), except that such partitions shall be suitably marked to indicate their existence and position.

(5)Except as provided in Sentence (4), every glass or transparent door accessible to the public shall be equipped with hardware, bars or other permanent fixtures designed so that the existence and position of such doors is readily apparent.

(6)Glazing used for a shower or bathtub enclosure shall conform to Class A of CAN/CGSB-12.1, "Safety Glazing."

(1)A door shall be provided at each entrance to a dwelling unit.

(2)Main entrance doors to dwelling units shall be provided with

(a)a door viewer or transparent glazing in the door, or

(b)a sidelight.

(1)Metal frames and sash of windows, doors and skylights shall incorporate a thermal break.

(2)Windows and doors described in Sentence (1) do not require a thermal break where they are installed as

(a)vehicular access doors,

(b)storm windows and doors, or

(c)windows and doors that are required to have a fire-resistance rating.

(3)Windows, doors and skylights with or without storm doors or sash that are installed in buildings where the intended use of the interior space will not result in high moisture generation shall have a maximum thermal transmittance (U-value) or minimum temperature index (I) in accordance with Table 9.7.3.3.

(4)Windows, doors and skylights, with or without storm doors or sash that are installed in portions of buildings where the intended use of the interior space will result in high moisture generation shall be designed in conformance with Subsection 5.3. (See Note A-9.25.5.2.)

(1)Except for exterior doors to garages and to other ancillary spaces, this Article applies to

(a)swinging entrance doors to dwelling units,

(b)swinging doors between dwelling units and attached garages or other ancillary spaces, and

(c)swinging doors that provide access directly or indirectly from a storage garage to a dwelling unit. (See Note A-9.7.5.2.(1))

(2)Doors, frames and hardware that conform to a security level of at least Grade 10 as described in the Annex to ASTM F476, "Standard Test Methods for Security of Swinging Door Assemblies," are not required to conform to Sentences (3) to (7). (See Note A-9.7.5.2.(2))

(3)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), wood doors as described in Sentence (1) shall

(a)be solid core or stile-and-rail type,

(b)be not less than 45 mm thick, and

(c)if of the stile-and-rail type, have a panel thickness of not less than 19 mm, with a total panel area not more than half of the door area.

(4)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), doors described in Sentence (1) shall be provided with

(a)a deadbolt lock with a cylinder having no fewer than 5 pins, and

(b)a bolt throw not less than 25 mm long, protected with a solid or hardened free-turning ring or beveled cylinder housing. (See Article 9.9.6.7.)

(5)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), an inactive leaf in double doors used in locations specified in Sentence (1) shall be provided with heavy-duty bolts top and bottom having an engagement of not less than 15 mm.

(6)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), hinges for doors described in Sentence (1) shall be fastened

(a)to wood doors with wood screws not less than 25 mm long and to wood frames with wood screws such that at least 2 screws per hinge penetrate not less than 30 mm into solid wood, or

(b)to metal doors and metal frames with machine screws not smaller than No. 10 and not less than 10 mm long. (See Note A-9.7.5.2.(6))

(7)Strikeplates for deadbolts described in Sentence (4) shall be fastened

(a)to wood frames with wood screws that penetrate not less than 30 mm into solid wood, or

(b)to metal frames with machine screws not smaller than No. 8 and not less than 10 mm long. (See Note A-9.7.5.2.(6))

(8)Except for storm doors or screen doors, doors described in Sentence (1) that swing outward shall be provided with hinges or pins so that the doors cannot be removed when they are in the closed position. (See Note A-9.7.5.2.(8))

(9)Solid blocking shall be provided on both sides at the lock height between the jambs for doors described in Sentence (1) and the structural framing so that the jambs will resist spreading by force.